Sunday, 4 September 2011
Tuesday, 29 March 2011
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Sub: Pharmaceutical Technology-II
PRABHATH INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Sub: Pharmaceutical Technology-II
1. What is the importance of preformulation studies? What are the steps Involved in preformulation studies?
2. Describe in detail about the production of tablets with its evaluations. Add a note on the tablet coating methods.
Write Short Notes:
3) Quality control tests for Parenteral.
4) Hard gelatin capsules.
5) Biological half-life.
6. Define preservatives with examples
7. Write the advantage of disadvantages of Parenteral (any two)
8. Define Microencapsulation?
9. Explain the rotary die process of soft gelatin capsules
10. Composition of soft gelatin capsule.
11. Overages in pharmaceutical products.
12. Coating materials in micro capsules.
13. Enteric coating polymers.
14. Types of parentrals.
15. Define bio availability.
16. Describe in detail the shell formulation and manufacture of soft gelatin capsules.
17. Evaluation of I.V. fluids
19. Advantages and disadvantages of direct compression.
20. Micro encapsulation by complex coacerlation phase.
21. Additives in parentral formulations.
22. Explain the term shelf life.
23. Steps involved in sugar coating
24. Coating - Its problems and rectification.
25. Packaging of Parenteral products.
26. Sterility testing of parenteral products
27. Types of closures used for containers
28. Processing problems of tablet dosage form.
29. Dissolution test for tablet dosage form.
30. Quality control tests of parenteral dosage form.
32. Write a note on objectives of tablet coating. Explain the different types of coating and explain film coating and its evaluation of coated tablets.
33. a) Write a note on different types of solvent systems used is parenteral formulations and describe the methods of collection, storage and testing of water for injection.
b) Write a note on additives used in parenteral preparations
34. Write defects occur in manufacturing of tablets.
35. Write different types of packaging for tablets.
36. Explain disintegration test for tablets.
37. Explain the preparation of Microencapsulation by coacervation phase separation technique.
38. Write a note on containers and closures for the parenterals.
39. Define tablets. What are the various methods of manufacturing of tablets? Discuss in detail wt granulation method and evaluation of tablets.
40. Define capsules and enumerate the advantages of capsules. Explain in detail formulation technology of hard gelatin capsules. Add a note on evaluation of capsules.
41. Describe in detail the production of parenterals with its advantages and limitations. Add a note on the pharmaceutical evaluation of parenteral Products.
42. Importance of additives in tablet formulation.
43. Write a note on objectives of tablet coating.
44. Differences and similarity in hard gelatin capsule and soft gelatin capsule.
45. Explain friability and hardness test for tablets.
46. What are the types of microcapsules and its importance in pharmacy?
47. Discuss about the Evaluation of tablets.
48. Define Coating and Film coating. Defect in film coating.
49. Air suspension process.
50. Importance of Microencapsulation in pharmacy.
51. Filling of soft gelatin capsules.
52. Size of hard and soft gelatin capsules.
53. Pyrogen test.
54. Vehicles used in parenteral products.
Monday, 28 March 2011
III/II PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENT HANDLING VIDEOS
Automated Dissolution Basket Tester
Automatic High-End Tablet Disintegration Tester
ERWEKA Friability tester TAR 220 - automatic remove
Rotary Tablet Press
Father of Medicine
HIPPOCRATES
Father of Medicine
Born in 460 B.C. - Died in 377 B.C.
Hippocrates (hih POK ruh teez) lived 400 years before the birth of Christ. He is known as the father of medicine because many of the things he discovered are still practiced today.
During the time when Hippocrates lived, people were very superstitious. * They believed there were four fluids in the body which matched four elements; earth, air, fire and water. They would carry sick people to the temple because they thought the god of medicine, Aesculapius (es kyoo LAY pe us) could heal them. They would say magic words over the patient to try and heal them.
Hippocrates taught that diseases came from natural causes. He had observed many patients and carefully recorded their symptoms and the way their illnesses developed. He would look at the color of the skin, and how the eyes looked. He would look for fevers and chills. He described many illnesses including
pneumonia, * tetanus, * tuberculosis, * arthritis, * mumps, *
and malaria * .
He told his students to carefully observe their patients and to learn from the things they had observed. He said the human body could heal itself and could return itself to good health. The patient was given something to relieve pain, but nothing else was done.
He told his patients they should eat a moderate amount of food; not too much and not too little. A moderate amount of exercise was recommended. Patients were encouraged to walk for exercise.
Physicians should be men of honor, according to Hippocrates. He encouraged them to work as hard as possible for the good of the sick.
The Hippocratic (hip uh CRAT ick) Oath was named for him. It included rules of conducts for doctors and even today doctors still honor a form of the oath.
FATHER OF PHARMACY
Professor William Proctor, Father Of Pharmacy
PROF. WM. PROCTOR, JR., Vice President and Professor of Theoretical and Practical Pharmacy of the Philadelphia Colledge of Pharmacy, died suddenly of heart disease at about a quarter past 12, Tuesday morning, Feb 10th, at his residence, 902 Lombard street, Philadelphia, pa.
Professor Proctor was born in Baltimore May 10th, 1817, came to Philadelphia at the age of 13, and entered the drug store of Mr. Henry M. Zollickoffer, where he remained thirteen years. He graduated at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacv in 1837. The subject of his thesis was " Lobelia Inflata." The results of his investigation were given in a carefullv written paper and published in the American Journal of Pharmacy for that year. He was elected a member of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy May 18, 1840, and n member of the Board of Trustees in 1841. In 1843 he opened the drug store on his own account at the southwest corner of Ninth and Lombard, where he continued to carry on business until his death. The William Proctor, Jr., Vice President and Professor of Theoretical and Practical Pharmacy of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, died suddenly of heart disease at about a quarter past 12, Tuesday morning, Feb. roth, at his residence, 902 Lombard street, Philadelphia, Pa. 94 Reviews and Hook Notices. Chair of Pharmacy was created in 1846, and he was unanimously elected to fill it, and continued to occupy it until 1867, when he resigned and was succeeded by Prof. Maisch. On the death of Prof. Parrish, last year, he was solicited to fill the chair of Pharmacy, thus made vacant, and accepted the position.
Prof. Proctor was an indefatigable worker. While carrying on his drug-store and his course of lectures, he also found time to contribute numerous articles to the American Journal of Pharmacy, of which periodical in 1848 he was made assistant editor to Dr. Joseph Carson.
In 1850, July, he became sole editor, and so continued until April, 1871, when he resigned. The mere record of his contributions to the Journal during this time, fills nine closelv printed columns of the index. In addition to all this, in 1848-9, he edited a revised edition of Mohr and Redwoods Pharmacy ; increasing the bulk of the volume abont one-third, by his contributions relative to American pharmacy, and making it a standard text-book for Pharmacists.
He lectured at the College of Pharmacy Monday evening, returned home apparently in his usual health and spirits, and sat talking with his wife until nearly 12 o'clock, when he retired and was shortly after found to be dead.
His funeral was largely attended, and delegations were present from New York, Baltimore, and New Jersey. He was buried at Mt. Holly, N. J., Monday evening. The class of the college in a body reviewed the remains of their beloved teacher, and followed the funeral to the Market street wharf. The remains bore a natural expression and were surrounded by floral offerings supplied by the students.
He was an honorary member of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, British Pharmaceutical Conference, Sociedad de Farmacia National, Argentia, Colegio de Farmaceuticas, Madrid, Societe de Pharmacie de Paris, Austrian Apothecaries Society, Maryland College of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, etc.,
PHARMACIST’S OATH
- PHARMACIST’S OATH
- I Swear by the code of Ethics of Pharmacy Council of India in relation to the community and shall act as an integral part of health care team.
- I shall uphold the laws and standards governing my profession.
- I shall strive to perfect and enlarge my knowledge to contribute to the advancement of pharmacy and public health.
- I shall follow the system, which I consider best for pharmaceutical care and counseling of patients.
- I shall endeavour to discover and manufacture drugs of quality to alleviate sufferings of humanity.
- I shall hold in confidence the knowledge gained about the patients in connection with professional practice and never divulge unless compelled to do so by the law.
- I shall associate with organizations having their objectives for betterment of the profession of Pharmacy and make contribution to carry out the work of those organisations.
- While I continue to keep this Oath inviolated, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of pharmacy respected by all, at all times!
- Should I trespass and violate this oath, may the reverse be my lot!
B. PHARMACY Course Structure (2009-10 onwards) CUM Syllabi
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
ANANTAPUR – 515 002 (A.P) INDIA
Prof. B.Uma Maheswar Gowd Ph & Fax: 08554-272432 M.Tech., Ph.D., F.I.E., MISTE Mobile: 9000551418 DIRECTOR OF ACADEMIC & PLANNING I/c Email:jntua.dap@gmail.comTo
All the Principals of Colleges offering B.Pharm course.
Sir,
Please find herewith approved syllabus of I year B.Pharm effective from 2009-10
The academic regulations and syllabus of rest of the course will be notified later.
Sd/- DIRECTOR
Academic & Planning
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGIAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
ANANTAPUR
Course Structure (2009-10 onwards)
B. PHARMACY
I YEAR COURSE STRUCTURE
| S.No. | Subject | T | C | P | C |
| 1 | Remedial Mathematics ( for Bi.P.C stream) Remedial Biology ( for M.P.C stream)* | 3+1 2+1 | 6 4 | - 3/2 | - 2 |
| 2 | Dispensing and Hospital Pharmacy | 3+1 | 6 | 3 | 4 |
| 3 | Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry | 3 | 6 | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry‑I | 3+1 | 6 | 3 | 4 |
| 5 | Anatomy, Physiology and Health education | 3+1 | 6 | 3 | 4 |
| 6 | English Language Communication Skills | 3 | 6 | - | - |
| | Total | 22/21 | 36/34 | 12/15 | 16/18 |
* Remedial biology lab for M.P.C stream students will be in alternate weeks while the evaluation of internal and end examination shall be as independent lab.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year T C
3+1 6
REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS
UNIT I
Algebra:
Arithmetic Progression‑Geometric Progression‑Binomial theorem‑partial fractions. Permutations & combinations. Matrices: basic matrix operations. Determinants‑ Application of determinants to solve simultaneous equations (Cramer's Rule and Cali-Hamilton’s theorem).
UNIT II
Trigonometry: Trigonometric ratios and the relations between Sin (A+B), Cos (A+B), Tan (A+B) formulae only. Trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub-multiples, angles, heights and distances (simple problems), complex numbers and Demoivre’s theorem.
UNIT III
Co‑ordinate Geometry: Distances between points, Area of a triangle, Co‑ordinates of a point dividing a given line segment in a given ratio. Locus equation to a straight line in different forms. Angle between straight lines‑point of intersection, circles and conic sections.
UNIT IV
Differential Calculus: Continuity and limit: Differentiation, derivability and derivative, R.H. derivatives and L.H. derivatives, Differentiation, General theorems of derivatives.
UNIT V
Derivatives of trigonometric functions (excluding inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions). Logarithmic differentiation, partial differentiation, maxima and minima (elementary) and successive differentiation up to second order.
UNIT VI
Integral Calculus: Integration as an inverse process of differentiation. Definite integrals, integration by substitution, integration by parts, integration of algebraic function of ex, evaluation of areas and volumes in simple cases.
UNIT VII
Differential equations: Formation of a differential equation, order and degree, solution of first order differential equations.
UNIT VIII
Applications of first order and first degree differential equation- law of Natural growth and decay. Newton’s Law of cooling. Definition of Linear differential equations for Homogenous, non homogenous, second and higher order equations.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Intermediate first Year mathematics and Intermediate Second year mathematics., published by Telugu
Academy, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad
2. Remedial mathematics by Khan, S.chand
References
3. A Text book of Remedial Mathematics by P.Seshagiri Rao.
4. Higher Engineering Mathematics by Grewal.
5. B.Pharmaceutical mathematics vol-I,vol-II –Laxmi publications
6. Text book of Remedial Mathematics by Dr. A Ramakrishna Prasad Cengage Learinng.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year T C
2+1 4
REMEDIAL BIOLOGY
UNIT I
Plant and animal cell: Detailed structure, mitosis, meiosis, different types of tissues and their functions.
Brief classification of plant and animal kingdom.
UNIT II
Simple and compound microscopes used in biology; section cutting; staining and mounting of sections.
Morphology and histology of root, stem, bark, wood, leaf, flower, fruit and seed. Modifications of root and stem.
UNIT III
Study of parasites: Structure and life history of parasites: Amoeba, Entamoeba, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Taenia, Ascaris, Schistosoma, Oxyuris and Ancylostoma.
UNIT IV
General structure and life history of insects like Cockroach, Mosquito and Housefly. Comparative gross anatomical features of frog, rat and rabbit.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Intermediate First Year and Second Year Botany / Zoology Text Books printed and published by Telugu
Academy, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad.
2. A.C. Dutta, Text Book of Botany
3. Text book of Biology by S.B.Gokhale
REFERENCES
4. Botany for Degree students Vol I & II by B.P. Pandey
5. Concepts of biology, Enger
6. Outlines of zoology by M.Ekambaranatha Ayyar and T.N.Ananda Krishnan
7. A manual for pharmaceutical biology practicals by S.B.Gokhale and C.K.Gokhale
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year T C
3+1 6
DISPENSING & HOSPITAL PHARMACY
Section-A: DISPENSING PHARMACY
UNIT I- Genesis and Evolution of Pharmacy: History of Pharmacy, origin and development of the Pharmacopoeias, History of Ayurveda, salient features of IP, USP and BP.
UNIT II- Dispensing Pharmacy: Principles of dispensing, parts of prescription, handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription and care required in dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products. Weights and Measures, introduction to Latin terms, Percentage calculations, alligation method, proof spirit calculations, displacement value and calculations of isotonicity adjustment. General dispensing procedures, posology-calculations of doses.
UNIT III- Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of the following classes of preparations.
(i) Mixtures ii) Solutions iii) Emulsions iv) Powders v) Lotions & liniments vi) Ointments and
vii) Suspensions
Definition of the following preparations like creams, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmic, lozenges, pills, inhalations, paints ,gargles, sprays and tablet triturates .
Extraction and Galen cal products: Principle and methods of extraction, preparation of infusion, tinctures, dry and soft liquid extracts.
UNIT IV- Incompatibilities: Physical, chemical and therapeutic incompatibilities – methods of overcoming and handling of prescriptions with incompatibility.
Section-B: HOSPITAL PHARMACY
UNIT V- Organization: Organization of a hospital and hospital pharmacy, responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, pharmacy and therapeutic committee.
UNIT VI- Drug distribution: Procedural manual, drug distribution, dispensing to out-patients, in-patients and ambulatory patient-dispensing of ancillary and controlled substances, drug information center(DIC).
Unit VII- Hospital Management: Budget preparation and implementation, hospital formulary, organization of drug store, purchase and inventory control, patient counseling, role of Pharmacist in community health care and education.
.
UNIT VIII- Records: Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction, adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases.
Note: End Exam students should write 5 out of 8 questions choosing at least two from each section
TEXT BOOKS
1 Dispensing Pharmacy, Cooper & Gunns CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.
2 Health Education and Community Pharmacy, Gupta AK, CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.
3 Hospital Pharmacy. JS Quadry,
REFERENCES
1. Essential dosage calculations -Hospital Pharmacy. Lorria & William William Hassan,.
2. Dispensing Pharmacy, R.M Metha.
3. Text Book of Pharmaceutics, E.A. Rawlins, Bentley’s ELBS publ.
4. Health Education and Community Pharmacy, NK Jain, CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year T C
3 6
PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT- I
1. Classification of Inorganic Pharmaceuticals based on their applications and therapeutic uses.
2. Sources of impurities, quality control and test for purity
3. Qualitative tests for anion and cations
4. Limit tests for arsenic, heavy metals, lead, iron, chloride and sulphate.
Note: Definition, Preparation, principle behind Assays / Limit tests and Uses of the compounds mentioned in Unit II to Unit VII
UNIT - II
1. Electrolytes:
a. Sodium and potassium replenishers: Sodium chloride, compound sodium chloride
solution (Ringer solution), potassium chloride, ORS.
b. Calcium replenishers: Calcium gluconate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium chloride.
2. Acid base regulators: Sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate, sodium citrate/potassium citrate,
sodium acetate and ammonium chloride
3. Dialysis fluids: Haemodialysis fluids.
UNIT III
Gastro-intestinal agents.
1. Acidifiers and Antacids: Dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium acid phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide gel, dried aluminium hydroxide gel, magnesium oxide (Magnesia), magnesium hydroxide mixture, magnesium trisilicate.
2. Adsorbents and related drugs: Light kaolin, heavy kaolin and activated charcoal.
3. Laxatives: Magnesium sulphate, sodium phosphate.
UNIT -IV
1) Mineral Nutrients / Supplements
(a) Haematinics – Ferrous sulphate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate,
ferric ammonium citrate, iron and dextrose injection.
(b)Halogens: Iodine, Iodides.
2) Pharmaceutical aids
(a) Excipients: Dicalcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc and calcium carbonate (Precipitated
chalk).
(b) Suspending agents: Bentonite, colloidal silica.
(c) Colorants: Titanium oxide, Ferric oxide
UNIT- V
(a) Expectorants: Ammonium chloride, potassium iodide.
(b) Emetics: Potassium antimony tartarate, copper sulphate.
(c) Antidotes: Sodium thiosulphate, sodium nitrite.
UNIT -VI
Topical agents:
1) Astringents: Zinc sulphate, calcium hydroxide, Bismuth sub carbonate.
2) Topical protectants: Zinc oxide, calamine, zinc stearate, talc, titanium-dioxide, heavy kaolin and
light kaolin (only uses).
3) Silicone polymers: Activated dimethicone.
4) Anti-infectives: Hydrogen peroxide solution, potassium permanganate, silver nitrate (silver protein),
iodine, (solutions of iodine, povidone iodine), boric acid, zinc undecylenate, mercury
compounds (yellow mercuric chloride).
UNIT- VII
Dental products:
1) Fluorides: Sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate and stannous fluoride.
2) Oral antiseptics and astringents: Hydrogen peroxide, magnesium peroxide, zinc peroxide and
mouth washes.
3) Dentifrices: Calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium
metaphosphate and strontium chloride.
4) Cements & fillers : Zinc oxide (uses only).
UNIT-VIII
Miscellaneous Medicinal Agents
a) Antineoplastics : Cisplatin
b) Antidepressants : Lithium carbonate
c) Diagnostic agents : Barium sulphate
d) Surgical aids : Plaster of Paris
e) Antirheumatic agents : Sodium aurothiomalate
f) Internal parasiticid : Sodium antimony gluconate
g) Anti thyroid agents : Potassium perchlorate
TEXT BOOKS
1. Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry by Madan-S.Chand
2. Inorganic Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J.H Block, E.Roche, T.O Soine and C.O. Wilson, Lea &
Febiger Philadelphia PA.
REFERENCES
1. Practical pharmaceutical chemistry, Part-I, A.H.Beckett and J.B.Stenlake, The Athtone press, University
of London, London.
2. Inorganic chemistry, Gary L.Miessler and Donald A.Tarr,3/e, Pearson education, New Delhi
3. Inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry, P. Gundu Rao, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.
4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, G.D.Tuli, Satya prakash
5. Modern inoraganic chemistry, Jolly
6. Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996, 2006.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year T C
3+1 6
PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I
UNIT – I
Structure and Activity of Organic Molecules: Shapes of organic molecules, bond lengths, bond angles and bond dissociation energies. Electronic effects in organic molecules: inductive effect, electromeric or mesomeric effect, hyperconjugation, concept of resonance; types of organic reagents and reactions.
UNIT – II
Study of Hydrocarbons:
Aliphatic/Alicyclic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, isomerism (chain, conformational and geometrical) relative stabilities (heats of combustion and hydrogenation), ring stabilities of cyclohexane, chair-boat conformation, Bayer’s strain theory and sachse-mohr theory. Free radical substitution reactions (halogenation) of alkanes, selectivity of halogens.
Alkenes: Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes, Markovnikov’s rule, Anti-Markovnikov,s rule, Kharasch effect, Bayer’s oxidation (cis-hydroxylation, polymerisation).
Alkadienes: Stability & 1,4 addition reactions of conjugated alkadienes.
Alkynes: Acidity of 1-alkynes, formation of metal acetylides. Stereo specific reduction of alkynes. Addition of hydrogen halide (HCl) addition of water and keto-enol tautomerism.
UNIT – III
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Kekule’s structure of benzene, bond lengths, heats of hydrogenation and stability, molecular orbital picture of benzene, aromaticity, Huckel’s rule, nomenclature of benzene derivatives, characteristic reactions of benzene, theory of reactivity and orientation in monosubstituted benzenes.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, structure and aromatic character of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and naphthacene resonance structures, electron density and reactivity. Electrophilic substitution, oxidation and reduction reactions.
UNIT – IV
Halogen Compounds-Aliphatic: Nomenclature, general methods of preparation, characteristic nucleophilic substitution reactions, factors that play role in SN1 and SN2, Walden inversion, elimination reaction and Saytzeff’s rule.
Halogen Compounds-Aromatic: Nomenclature, low reactivity of halo benzenes towards nucleophilic substitution, arenas, Benzyne ion concept..
UNIT – V
Alcohols: Nomenclature, classification, general methods of preparation, physical properties, hydrogen bonding, characteristic nucleophilic substitution reactions (replacement of -OH by -Cl), elimination reactions, and relative reactivities of 1o, 2o and 3o alcohols, Meerwein Pondorff Verley reduction.
Ethers: Nomenclature, Williamson’s synthesis, action of hydro iodic acid on ethers (Ziesel’s method).
Phenols: Nomenclature, general methods of preparation, physical properties, acidity of phenols, stability of phenoxide ion, reactions of phenols, Kolbe-schmidt reaction stability of conjugated dienes, and Fries rearrangement, Reamer-Tiemann Reaction.
UNIT – VI
Carbonyl Compounds: Nomenclature, two important methods of preparation, polarity of carbonyl group, relative reactivities of carbonyl compounds, nucleophilic addition and addition-elimination reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, benzoin condensation, Perkins reactions, Reformatsky reaction, Oppenauer oxidation.
UNIT – VII
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives:
Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature, intermolecular association, stability of carboxylate anion, two important methods of preparation, decarboxylation, functional groups reactions, reduction of carboxylic acids.
Acid derivatives: (acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides). Nomenclature, reactions like hydrolysis, reduction of esters and amides, Hofmann’s degradation of amides. Brief account of preparation and properties of malonic and acetoacetic esters, their importance in organic syntheses.
UNIT – VIII
Nitrogen Compounds:
Nitro compounds: Nomenclature, acidity of nitro compounds containing a- hydrogens, reductive reactions of aromatic nitro compounds.
Amines: Nomenclature, basicity of amines, classification, relative reactivity, Hinsberg method of separation, acylation reactions. Diazotisation and reactions of diazonium salts.
Nitriles and isonitriles: Nomenclature, two methods of synthesis, reactivity and functional reactions.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Advanced pharmaceutical organic chemistry, Bahl & Bahl, S.Chand
2. Organic chemistry, T.R.Morrison and R.N.Boyd, Pearson Education India , New Delhi.
REFERENCES
1. Organic chemistry, Bruce,
2. Reactions and Mechanism, Jerry March, 4th ed
3. oragranic chemistry, Carey
4. oraganic chemistry, Pillai
5. The Fundamentals Principles of Organic Chemistry Vol.I & Vol. II, I.L. Finar, ELBS/Longman.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year T C
3+1 6
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION
UNIT-I
Scope of anatomy and physiology, basic terminology used in these subjects. Structure of cell, its components and their functions. Elementary tissues of the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues, their sub‑ types and characteristics. Body fluids, Homeostasis
UNIT-II
Skeletal system: Structure, composition and functions of skeleton classification of joints, types of movements at joints,
Skeletal muscles: Gross anatomy, physiology of muscle contraction, physiological properties of skeletal muscles and their disorders.
UNIT-III
Haemopoietic system: Composition and functions of blood and its elements, their disorders, blood groups and their significance, mechanism of coagulation, disorders of platelets and coagulation. Anemia and its types.
Lymph and Lymphatic System: Composition, formation and circulation of lymph; disorders of lymph and lymphatic system. Basic physiology and functions of spleen.
UNIT-IV
Cardiovascular system: Basic anatomy of the heart. Physiology of heart, blood vessels and circulation. Basic pulmonary, coronary and hepatic system. Understanding of cardiac cycle, heart sounds and electrocardiogram. Blood pressure and its regulation. Brief outline of cardiovascular disorders like hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.
UNIT-V
Digestive System: Gross anatomy of the gastro‑intestinal tract, functions of its different parts including those of liver, pancreas and gall bladder, various gastrointestinal secretions and their role in the absorption and digestion of food, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis and hepatic disorders.
UNIT-VI
Respiratory System: Anatomy of respiratory organs. Functions of respiration, mechanism and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes and vital capacity. Asthma, tuberculosis.
UNIT-VII
Concepts of health & disease, disease causing agents and prevention of disease.
Balanced diet and nutritional deficiency disorders,
First Aid: Emergency treatment of shock, snakebites, burns, poisoning, fractures and resuscitation methods.
Demography and family planning:
Demography cycle, population problem, family planning and various contraceptive methods. Medical termination of pregnancy.
UNIT-VIII
Brief outline of communicable diseases, their causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention :-chicken pox, measles, influenza, diptheria whooping cough, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, cholera, typhoid, food poisoning, helmenthiasis, malaria, filariasis, rabies, trachoma, tetanus, leprosy, syphilis, gonorrhea and Aids.
TEXT BOOKS
1 Human Anatomy & physiology and Health education, Dr.Jayaveera, K.N,Vrushabendra Swamy.BM, S.Chand
2. Essential of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Elaine N. Marieb
3. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Tortora, G.J and Anagnodokas, N.P Harper & Row Publishers N.Y
REFERENCES
1. Text Book of Human Anatomy, Ross & Willson, M.J.Mycek S.B Gerther and MMPER
2. Human Physiology, C.C.Chatterjee.
3. fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Rizzo,.
4. Human Anatomy, Mc Kinley,.
5. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton, AC Guyton WB Sannders Company, 1995.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year T C
3 6
ENGLISH
1. INTRODUCTION :
The sweeping changes in the world have elevated English to the status of a tool of global communication and transformed it into e-English. The syllabus has been drafted to improve the competence of students in communication in general and language skills in particular. The books prescribed serve as students’ handbooks.
The teacher should focus on the skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking while using the prescribed text and exercises. The classes should be interactive. The students should be encouraged to participate in the classroom proceedings and also to write short paragraphs and essays. The main aim is to encourage two way communications in place of the one-sided lecture.
.
The text for non-detailed study is meant for extensive reading by the students. They may be encouraged to read some select topics on their own, which could lead into a classroom discussion. In addition to the exercises from the texts done in the class, the teacher can bring variety by using authentic materials such as newspaper articles, advertisements etc.
2. OBJECTIVES:
a. To improve the language proficiency of the students in English with an emphasis on LSRW
skills.
b. To equip the students to study academic subjects with greater facility through theoretical and
practical components of the syllabus.
c. To develop study skills as well as communication skills in formal and informal situations.
3. SYLLABUS :
Listening Skills:
Objectives
1. To enable students to develop their listening skills so that they may appreciate its role in the
LSRW skills approach to language and improve their pronunciation
2. To equip students with necessary training in listening so that they can comprehend the speech
of people of different backgrounds and dialects.
Students should be given practice in listening and identifying the sounds of English language and to mark stress , right intonation in connected speech.
• Listening for general content • Listening to fill up information
• Intensive listening • Listening for specific information
Speaking Skills :
Objectives
1. To make students aware of the role of ability to speak fluent English and its contribution to
their success.
2. To enable students to express themselves fluently and appropriately in social and professional contexts.
• Oral practice • Describing objects/situations/people
• Role play – Individual/Group activities
(Using exercises from all units of the prescribed text) • Just A Minute (JAM) Sessions.
Reading Skills:
Objectives
1. To develop an awareness in the students about the significance of silent reading and
comprehension.
2. To develop the ability to guess the meanings of words from context and grasp the overall
message of the text, draw inferences etc.
• Skimming the text • Understanding the gist of an argument
• Identifying the topic sentence • Inferring lexical and contextual meaning
• Understanding discourse features • Recognizing coherence/sequencing of sentences
The students shall be trained in reading skills using the prescribed text for detailed study. They shalll be examined in reading and answering questions using ‘unseen’ passages which
may be taken from the non-detailed text or other authentic texts, such as magazines/newspaper
articles.
Writing Skills:
Objectives
1. To develop an awareness in the students the skill to write exact and formal writing
2. To equip them with the components of different forms of writing.
• Writing sentences • Use of appropriate vocabulary
• Paragraph writing • Coherence and cohesiveness
• Narration / description • Note Making
• Formal and informal letter writing • Editing a passage
4. TEXTBOOKS PRESCRIBED:
In order to improve the proficiency of the student in the acquisition of the four skills mentioned above, the following texts are prescribed and course content is divided into Eight Units,:
For Detailed study: ENJOYING EVERYDAY ENGLISH, Sangam Books (India) Pvt Ltd
Hyderabad, 2009
For Non-detailed study: INSPIRING LIVES, Maruti Publications, Guntur, 2009
Unit -I
a. Heaven’s Gate from ENJOYING EVERYDAY ENGLISH
b. Mokshagundam Visvesaraya from INSPIRING LIVES
Unit -II
a. Sir C.V.Raman from ENJOYING EVERYDAY ENGLISH
b. Mother Teresa from INSPIRING LIVES
Unit -III
a. The Connoisseur from ENJOYING EVERYDAY ENGLISH
b. Dr. Amartya Kumar Sen from INSPIRING LIVES
Unit -IV
a. The Cuddalore Experience from ENJOYING EVERYDAY ENGLISH
b. Gertrude Elion from INSPIRING LIVES
Unit -V
a. Bubbling Well Road from ENJOYING EVERYDAY ENGLISH
b. Vishwanathan Anand from INSPIRING LIVES
Unit-VI
a. Odds Against Us from ENJOYING EVERYDAY ENGLISH
b. Charlie Chaplin from INSPIRING LIVES
Unit – VII
Exercises on
Reading and Writing Skills, Reading Comprehension, Letter writing,Report writing
Unit – VIII
Exercises on
Remedial Grammar covering Common errors in English, Subject-Verb agreement,
Use of Articles and Prepositions, Active/Passive Voice, Reported speech, Tenses
Vocabulary development covering
Synonyms & Antonyms, one-word substitutes, prefixes & suffixes, Idioms & phrases, words often confused.
Evaluation: The question paper shall contain two parts, Part A containing questions from Units I- VI and Part B containing questions from units VII & VIII. The student is required to answer five full questions choosing at least one from Part B.
REFERENCES:
1. Technical Communication , Principle and Practice, Meenakshi Raman and Sangita Sharma, OUP, 2009
2. Essential Grammar in Use, (with CD) 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press, 2009
3. Resumes and Interviews, M.Ashraf Rizvi, Tata – Mcgraw Hill, 2009
4. Everyday Dialogues in English by Robert J. Dixson, Prentice-Hall of India Ltd., 2006.
5. Communication Skills for Technical Students, T.M.Farhathullah, Orient Blackswan, 2008
6. Developing Communication Skills, 2nd edn. by Krishna Mohan & Meera Banerji , Macmillan, 2009
7. English for Technical Communication, Vol. 1 & 2, by K. R. Lakshmi Narayanan, Sci tech. Publications.
8. Basic Communication Skills For Technology, Andrea J Ruthurford, Pearson Education , Asia.
9. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with DVD, Pearson Longman
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year P C
3/2 2
REMEDIAL BIOLOGY LAB
About 12-15 experiments/exercises (approx. of 2 hrs duration) may be designed covering the following topics and evenly distributed over the academic calendar.
a. Care and uses of microscope
b. Gross identification of permanent slides of structure and life cycle of plants/animals mentioned in
the theory syllabus.
c. Morphology of plant parts indicated in theory.
d. Preparation, Microscopic Examination of stem, root and leaf of mono and dicot leaves.
e. Structure of human parasites and insects mentioned in the theory with the help of specimen.
f. Anatomical features of different organs of frog and rabbit using charts.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year P C
3 4
DISPENSING & HOSPITAL PHARMACY LAB
About 18-20 experiments/exercises (approx. of 2 hrs duration) may be designed covering the
following 1 to 5 topics and evenly distributed over the academic calendar. Exercises for
topic 6 may be conveniently devised
1. Dispensing of prescriptions falling under the categories; Mixtures (Megnessium hydroxide IP),
Syrups(Simple syrup,Flavored syrup), solutions (Cresol with soap solution, strong ammonium acetate
solution, Lugol’ solution), emulsions (Liquid paraffin and castor oil emulsions), creams (cold creams),
ointments (sulphur ointment,Zinc oxide ointment), powders (dusting and eutectic powders), lotions
(calamine lotion), liniments (terpentine liniment), elixirs (Piperazine citrate elixirs), tincture (iodine
tincture), paints (throat paint), gargles (potassium chlorate gargles), gels(Bentonite gel) colloidion
(salicylic acid colloidion), mouthwash (antiseptic mouthwash).
2. Identification of various types of incompatabilities in a prescription, correlation thereof and dispensing
of such prescriptions.
3. Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceutical calculations, pricing of prescriptions and dosage
calculations for paediatric and geriatric patients.
4. Dispensing of prescriptions involving adjustment of tonicity. Preparation of normal saline and dextrose
solutions.
5. Preparation of Pharmacopoeial extracts and galenical products utilizing various methods of extraction
viz Maceration and percolation.
6. Project report on visit to the community pharmacy for Counseling on the rational use of drugs and aspects of health care.
LIST OF MINIMUM EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
A. Adequate number of the following, such that each student gets one set
1. Mortars and pestles.
2. Analytical balance and weight box.
3. Percolators
4. Dispensing containers.
B. pH meter.
C. Electronic balance
D. Adequate quantities of chemicals and glasswre
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year P C
3 4
PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB
List of experiments:
A) Limit tests for the following as per the procedure given in Indian Pharmacopoeia (1996 –
including the latest addenda)
1) Chlorides
2) Sulphates
3) Heavy metals
4) Iron
5) Arsenic
6) Modifications in limit test for chlorides and sulphates in potassium permanaganate, sodium
bicarbonates, sodium benzoates and sodium salicylates.
B)
7) Balances and Weighing; Calibration of weights, Pipette and Burette.
8) Preparation and standardization of Hydrochloric acid solution (0.1N).
9) Preparation and standardization of Potassium permanganate solution (0.1N & 0.1M).
10) Preparation of a primary standard solution of 0.1N Potassium hydrogen-phthalate.
11) Preparation and standardization of 0.1N EDTA solution.
12) Preparation and purification of Boric acid.
13) Preparation and purification of Sodium citrate.
14) Preparation and purification of Potash alum.
15) Preparation and purification of Magnesium stearate.
16) Assay of sodium bicarbonate and assay of Boric acid (Neutralization).
17) Assay of Calcium gluconate (or) any calcium compounds (Complexometry).
18) Assay of Copper sulphate (Redox titration).
19) Assay of Sodium acetate (Non-aqueous titration).
20) Assay of Ferrous sulphate (Oxidation-reduction / Redox titration).
21) Swelling power in bentonite
22) Test for purity (Ammonium salts in potash alum, presence of iodates in KI)
REFERENCES
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia - 1996.
2. Vogel’s Qualitative Analysis
LIST OFMINIMUM EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1. Analytical balances
2. Physical balances
3. Suction pumps
4. Oven
5. Hot plates
6. Water baths
7. Distillation unit
8. Limit test apparatus for arsenic
9. Adequate glasswares
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year P C
3 4
PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I LAB
Introduction to Equipment & Glassware, Recrystallization method, details of M.P, B.P and distillation
I. Preparation of organic compounds (each involving a specific organic reaction covered in theory)
1. N-Acetylation : Preparation of Acetanilide from Aniline
2. O-Acetylation : Preparation of Aspirin from Salicylic acid
3. Nuclear Bromination : Preparation of p-Bromoacetanilide from
Acetanilide
4. Hydrolysis : Preparation of p-Bromoaniline from
p-Bromoacetanilide
5. Nuclear Nitration : Preparation of m-Dinitrobenzene from
Nitrobenzene
6. Reduction : Preparation of m-nitro aniline from m-dinitro benzene.
7. Oxidation : Preparation of Benzoic acid from
: Benzyl chloride
8. Esterification : Preparation of n-Butylacetate from
n-Butylalcohol
9. Etherification : Preparation of b-Naphthyl methyl ether
from b-Naphthol
10. a-Halogenation : Preparation of Iodoform from Oxidation of Acetone / Ethanol
11. Extensive Nuclear Substitution : Preparation of tribromophenol
12 Bromination : Tribromoaniline from Phenol or Aniline
13 Addition / elimination: Preparation of phenyl hydrazone or oxime from Benzaldehyde
II. Identification of organic compounds belonging to following classes by systematic qualitative organic analysis including preparation of derivatives.
1. Phenols
2. Amides
3. Carbohydrates
4. Amines
5. Carboxylic acids
6. Aldehydes and Ketones
7. Alcohols
8. Anilides and nitrocompounds
9. Esters
REFERENCES
1. Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Vogel’s, 5th Edition.
2. Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry, R.K. Bansal,.
3. Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry, O.P. Agarwal,
4. Practical Organic Chemistry, F.G.Mann & B.C. Saunders,.
LIST OFMINIMUM EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1. Triple beam balances
2. Physical balances
3. Melting point apparatus
4. Suction pumps
5. Oven
6. Hot plates
7. Water baths
8. Distillation unit
9. Refrigerator
10. Adequate glassware
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B. Pharmacy I Year P C
3 4
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY Health Education LAB
(21 Experiments)
1. Study of human skeleton – 2 Experiments
2. Study of different systems with the help of charts and models – 2 Experiments.
3. Microscopic study of different tissues – 3 Experiments.
4. Estimation of Haemoglobin in blood, Determination of bleeding time,
clotting time – 3 Experiments.
5. Estimation of R.B.C. count – 2 Experiments.
6. Estimation of W.B.C count – 2 Experiments.
7. Estimation of D.L.C. – 2 Experiments.
8. Recording of body temperature, pulse rate and blood pressure, basic
understanding of electrocardiogram‑PQRST waves and their significance – 3 Experiments.
9. Determination of vital capacity, experiments on spirometry – 2 Experiments.
10. Study of different family planning appliances
REFERENCES
1. Practical Biochemistry, Plummer,
2. Human Anatomy & Physiology, Elaine N. Marieb,.
3. Human Physiology, A.K. Chartterjee,
LIST OF MINIMUM EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1. Microscopes
2. Glass slides
3. Hemocytometer with micropipettes
4. Sahli’s hemoglobinometer
5. Huchinson’s spirometer
6. Sphygmomonometer
7. Stethoscope
8. Permanenet slides for various tissues
9. Models for various organs and system
10. Specimen of various organ and system
11. Skeleton and bones
12. Clinical thermometers
13. ECG graphs.
14. Stop clocks
15. Different contraceptives devices and models.
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